Ekklesia/docs/development/authorization.md

# Authorization

Phase 4C establishes Core's authorization foundation and wires it into `apps/api` over HTTP. Phase
5A extends that same system so an installed module's declared permissions are enforced and
grantable through the identical mechanism as Core's own. This page covers all of it: the
schema/evaluator/store/registry Core owns, the platform-owner bootstrap operation, the
enforcement/endpoints `apps/api` exposes, and how module manifests contribute to the one platform
permission registry. See [Identity](identity.md) for the identity foundation this builds on,
[API](api.md) for the HTTP transport it is mounted into, [Module development](../module-development/README.md)
for the manifest shape that declares module permissions, and
[ADR 0013](../architecture/decisions/0013-core-authorization-and-owner-bootstrap.md) /
[ADR 0014](../architecture/decisions/0014-module-permission-declarations-and-platform-registry.md)
for the durable architectural decisions this page describes in more implementation detail.

## What this is, and is not

An operator can bootstrap exactly one platform owner for a deployment; a platform owner (or anyone
they delegate to) can create, list, and revoke *explicit* authorization grants over HTTP for any
registered permission, Core-owned or module-owned; a module can register its own HTTP routes and
have them mounted, enforced, and reachable in production (see
[API](api.md#module-http-routes)); and every enforced route fails closed on infrastructure trouble
instead of silently allowing or denying. It is **not** possible to manage roles, groups, teams, or
tenants; there is no user-deletion endpoint, owner-management HTTP endpoint, or owner-recovery
workflow (revoking or re-granting platform-owner status is not exposed at all, and deleting the last
owner does not reactivate bootstrap); there are no service accounts or API tokens, so only
cookie-authenticated
browser callers can reach mutation routes, Core-owned or module-owned; and relationship-derived
grants (for example, automatic access from a roster assignment) cannot yet be created by anything
in this repository — the generic grants API structurally cannot create or revoke them either.

## Core authorization schema and store

Established as a prior checkpoint on this branch (`ekklesia_core_platform_owner`,
`ekklesia_core_grant`, `ekklesia_core_authorization_audit`; `AuthorizationEvaluator`,
`AuthorizationStore`; `@ekklesia/contracts`'s `PermissionId`/`GrantId`/`AuthorizationScope`
branded types). This page does not restate that design — read `core/src/authorization/schema.ts`,
`evaluator.ts`, and `store.ts` directly for it. This page covers what pass 2 added on top: the
permission registry, the bootstrap operation, and HTTP enforcement — plus the Phase 5D pass 3
integrity rules recorded in
[ADR 0019](../architecture/decisions/0019-durable-authorization-history-and-grant-management.md).

### What user deletion removes, and what it does not

Deleting an identity user still cascades to that user's **live** authorization rows: their grants
(`ekklesia_core_grant`) and their platform-owner row (`ekklesia_core_platform_owner`) are removed,
so nothing continues authorizing a principal that no longer exists.

It does **not** remove security records. `ekklesia_core_authorization_audit.subject_user_id` is a
retained, non-null historical snapshot with no foreign key to the user table, and
`ekklesia_core_platform_owner_bootstrap` has no user foreign key at all. Both survive user
deletion. Previously the audit subject cascaded, so deleting a user destroyed exactly the record of
what they had been granted, by whom, and when it was revoked.

Only opaque identifiers are retained — a subject id and an actor id. No name, email, or other
profile data is ever copied into an authorization table.

**Append-only is an application convention, not a database guarantee.** Core's authorization store
exposes no update or delete path for audit rows. Nothing in PostgreSQL enforces that: no role,
trigger, or rule prevents a database administrator, a future migration, or anything else holding
the same credentials from modifying them. They are not cryptographically immutable.

### Deploying these changes

All of the above depends on Core migration `0002_authorization_integrity`, which creates
`ekklesia_core_platform_owner_bootstrap`, drops the cascading audit-subject foreign key, and
backfills consumed state. **Migrations remain explicit operator work and never run at application
startup** — apply `0002` with `pnpm migrations:apply` *before* starting the new code, exactly as
with every other migration. It is classified `{"mode":"none"}` in
`core/drizzle/meta/_ekklesia.json`: it creates a table, removes one referential constraint
specifically to *retain* data, and inserts one backfill row; it drops no table, column, or row.
Migrations `0000_identity_core_tables` and `0001_authorization_core_tables` are byte-identical and
retain their existing checksums.

## Permission registry

`PermissionDeclaration` (`packages/contracts/src/authorization.ts`) is the one authoritative,
strict Zod-validated shape of a *registered declaration* — exactly `{id, baseline, description}`,
nothing more — shared by Core's authorization registry and a module manifest's `permissions` array.
Core does not declare its own separate interface for this; `core/src/authorization/permissions.ts`
imports and re-exports the contracts type so existing `@ekklesia/core/authorization` consumers keep
importing it from the same place. `id` is a branded `PermissionId`, `baseline` is
`public`/`authenticated`/`restricted`, and `description` is required, trimmed, non-empty operator
and audit-facing text up to 240 characters — informational only; nothing in authorization reads or
interprets it.

`core/src/authorization/permissions.ts` defines the smallest possible registry on top of that
shape: an immutable, composition-time-built `PermissionRegistry` distinguishing a *registered*
declaration from a merely well-formed `PermissionId` string. Two properties matter:

- **Duplicate declarations fail at composition time.** `createPermissionRegistry` throws
  `PermissionRegistryError` (`PERMISSION_REGISTRY_DUPLICATE_DECLARATION`) if the same permission id
  is declared twice — this can only happen while wiring the registry itself, not at request time.
- **Unknown permissions fail closed at lookup time.** `registry.get(permissionId)` and
  `registry.has(permissionId)` both re-validate their input (`safeParsePermissionId` internally)
  and return `undefined`/`false` for anything malformed or simply not registered — there is no
  "trust this permission id because it looks right" path.

Permission matching is always exact string equality, both in the registry and in the evaluator's
grant lookup — there is no wildcard, prefix, or namespace-inheritance matching anywhere; the
required dot-namespacing in a `PermissionId` (`core.authorization.grants.manage`,
`calendar.events.read`) is purely a naming convention for readability and collision-avoidance.

`CORE_PERMISSION_REGISTRY` is Core's own registry and remains what Core-only code and existing tests
use directly. `CORE_PERMISSION_DECLARATIONS` is the same declarations exported separately in deeply
immutable form, for the module composition helper below to build on without reconstructing Core's own
list:

| Permission | Baseline | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `core.authorization.grants.manage` | `restricted` | Create, list, and revoke another user's explicit authorization grants. |
| `core.modules.ui.read` | `authenticated` | List the installed module UIs a browser host may mount. |
| `core.dashboard.navigation.manage` | `restricted` | Organize the Dashboard: create, rename, order, and delete navigation groups. |
| `core.modules.lifecycle.manage` | `restricted` | Read and change which installed modules are enabled. |

Every Core permission is a **platform** permission and can never be declared, gated, or influenced by
a module — `core.*` is a reserved namespace (see below). `core.modules.lifecycle.manage` gates both
reading and changing module enablement
([ADR 0028](../architecture/decisions/0028-module-operational-lifecycle.md)): the read is not a
milder version of the write, because the lifecycle view is the only place a *disabled* module, a
*blocked* module, and the required-dependency edges between them are visible at all, whereas
`core.modules.ui.read` deliberately covers only what is mountable. Holding it confers no authority
inside any module.

Enablement never changes how a permission is enforced. A **disabled** module's permissions stay
registered and grantable — composition spans the whole discovered inventory, not the eligible subset
— so a grant survives an enable/disable cycle and can be issued ahead of enabling a module. Nothing
enforces those permissions while the module is disabled, because it mounts no routes at all.

## Module permission composition

A module manifest's `permissions` array (`manifestVersion: 4`,
[Module development](../module-development/README.md#canonical-manifest)) declares permissions in
the exact same `PermissionDeclaration` shape — but declaring one there only proves it is
well-formed and correctly namespaced under the module's own id; it does not, by itself, register
anything. `composePlatformPermissionRegistry` (`core/src/modules/permissions.ts`) is the trusted
composer: given an already-discovered module list (for example `discoverModules`'s result), it
builds one combined `PermissionRegistry` from `CORE_PERMISSION_DECLARATIONS` followed by every
module's declarations, in discovery order, using the same `createPermissionRegistry` constructor —
not a second registry implementation. Declaration order is deterministic: Core first, then each
module in the order it appears in the supplied list, then each module's own declarations in
manifest-array order. A duplicate exact permission id anywhere in that combined list fails
composition the same way a duplicate would fail `createPermissionRegistry` directly — since a
permission id must start with its own module's id, this is only reachable across two entries that
share the same module id, which real discovery already rules out (`MODULE_ID_DUPLICATE`);
composition still re-derives the check rather than trusting that guarantee alone.

`core.*` is reserved for Core's own permissions. A discovered module contributing any
`core.`-prefixed permission id fails composition with `ModulePermissionCompositionError`
(`MODULE_PERMISSION_RESERVED_NAMESPACE`) before duplicate detection ever runs — since every
Core-owned id is itself `core.`-prefixed, this is what actually catches a module attempting to
collide with a Core-owned id specifically, regardless of that module's own id and regardless of
whether the id happens to exactly match an existing declaration.

Composition itself performs no filesystem, environment, database, network, or module-code
operation — it is pure, synchronous, in-memory composition over data a caller already discovered
and validated (`core/src/authorization` and `core/src/modules` remain independent of each other in
the other direction: authorization never imports module discovery or runtime, only the module
integration layer depends on authorization).

## API startup: discovery, composition, and enforcement

`apps/api` builds its production permission registry, and starts the module runtime, from the
exact same installed-module inventory every time it starts, in a fixed order, before anything
else:

1. Resolve module-discovery configuration (the repository's `modules/` directory, and the
   platform/Module SDK versions from their own `package.json` files).
2. Discover installed modules exactly once (`discoverModules`).
3. Compose the platform permission registry from that exact discovered list
   (`composePlatformPermissionRegistry`).
4. Construct the shared PostgreSQL pool.
5. Construct Identity, the authorization store, and the evaluator.
6. Start the module runtime from that same discovered list (`startDiscoveredModuleRuntime`) —
   modules are never rediscovered for this step.
7. Create the Hono application, injecting the composed registry and mounting the started module
   runtime's published routes (see [API](api.md#module-http-routes)).
8. Bind the HTTP server.

`apps/api/src/platform-permissions.ts`'s `prepareStartupModuleInventory` performs steps 1–3,
returning both the discovered module list and the composed registry so step 6 can start the module
runtime from that identical list rather than rediscovering modules a second time.
(`composeStartupPermissionRegistry` remains available as a registry-only convenience wrapper
around it, for callers — Doctor, `modules:validate`, existing tests — that only need the
registry.) Discovery and composition happen strictly before any pool, Better Auth instance, module
entrypoint import, or HTTP server exists, so a failure there — an invalid manifest, a broken
dependency graph, a module claiming the reserved `core.*` namespace, or a duplicate permission
declaration — leaves nothing to close: it propagates directly out of `startApi()`, and startup
never falls back to `CORE_PERMISSION_REGISTRY` or any Core-only registry. The repository root is
resolved from this compiled/source file's own location (two directories up from
`apps/api/dist/*.js` or `apps/api/src/*.ts`, which sit at identical depth), never `process.cwd()`
— a package-scoped test run has `apps/api` as its working directory, which would otherwise point
discovery at the wrong `modules/` directory.

The resulting registry is a **static, immutable snapshot** taken once at startup. There is no hot
installation, removal, or dynamic mutation of installed modules or their permissions while the
process is running — an installed-module change (add, remove, or edit a manifest) takes effect
only on the next API restart. `createApiApp` requires this registry as part of its injected
authorization options; `requirePermission` and the explicit-grant routes
(`GET/POST /api/v1/grants`, `POST /api/v1/grants/:grantId/revoke`) consult exactly the same
registry Core's own `core.authorization.grants.manage` permission is registered in, so a
module-owned permission and Core's own are enforced, and grantable, through the identical
mechanism — there is no module-specific enforcement path. Removing a module from the next
startup's discovered inventory makes its permission unknown to new authorization checks and new
grants (a well-formed but unregistered permission denies exactly as before, including on
`POST /api/v1/grants`, which checks the registry explicitly before calling the store); it never
deletes, revokes, or otherwise modifies a historical grant or audit row already recorded for that
permission. A previously granted, still-unrevoked explicit grant for a now-uninstalled module's
permission remains visible through `GET /api/v1/grants` and simply stops being something a
`restricted`-baseline authorization check can newly succeed against. Listing and explicit
revocation (`POST /api/v1/grants/:grantId/revoke`) are unaffected either way: neither route
consults the registry for a grant that already exists — revocation is keyed to the grant's own id
and source kind, not to whether its permission is currently registered — so a manager can still
revoke a historical grant for a now-unregistered permission.

A module's own mounted HTTP routes (`/api/v1/modules/<module-id>/*`) are enforced through this
identical registry and `requirePermission` middleware — see [API](api.md#module-http-routes) for
the route-mounting contract. Relationship-derived grant creation remains a deferred, unrelated
slice — this work only makes a module's *declared* permission usable through Core's existing,
generic explicit-grant HTTP API, enforcement middleware, and now its own mounted routes.

## Doctor and modules:validate

`pnpm doctor`'s `modules.permissions` check composes the platform permission registry from the
same already-discovered module list `modules.discovery`/`modules.dependencies` already produced —
it never re-discovers modules itself. A successful composition reports a pass with a safe
declaration count (for example `4 permissions registered` with zero installed modules, since Core's
own declarations are always present); zero installed modules still composes successfully. If module
discovery itself failed, the check is skipped, matching the existing schema/migration checks'
pattern; if discovery succeeded but composition failed, schema and migration checks still run
normally — they are independent diagnostics that do not depend on the permission registry. A
reserved-namespace violation (`ModulePermissionCompositionError`,
`MODULE_PERMISSION_RESERVED_NAMESPACE`) and a generic duplicate declaration
(`PermissionRegistryError`, `PERMISSION_REGISTRY_DUPLICATE_DECLARATION`) are reported as distinct
failure details — a reserved `core.*` claim is never described as an ordinary duplicate, even
though (see above) a module attempting to exactly collide with a Core-owned id always surfaces as
the reserved-namespace failure specifically. Composition requires no database and never imports or
executes a module's server entrypoint. `pnpm modules:validate` composes the same registry from its
own already-discovered modules for the identical reason: a manifest that is otherwise structurally
valid but claims the `core.*` namespace, or duplicates a permission id, now fails validation before
that module is considered installable.

### Two layers, not one: shape versus registration

`createAuthorizationEvaluator` (`core/src/authorization/evaluator.ts`) has no registry and is
never given one — it independently re-validates `permission`, `baseline`, and `scope` as a pure
shape check (`safeParsePermissionId`/`permissionBaselineSchema`/`safeParseAuthorizationScope`) and
denies a malformed value under **every** baseline, including `public` and `authenticated`, before
any baseline is allowed to return an allowed decision. This is defense in depth for a future
caller that reaches the evaluator directly, not a substitute for the registry: the evaluator has
no way to tell a well-formed-but-unregistered permission id (for example a plausible-looking
`calendar.events.read` that nothing has ever declared) from a genuinely registered one — it can
only reject what is not even shaped like a `PermissionId` at all.

*Registration* — "does this permission actually exist" — is exclusively the registry's
responsibility, consulted by every trusted caller before the evaluator ever runs:
`requirePermission` (`apps/api/src/authorization-middleware.ts`) looks up the *caller's own*
required permission (for example `core.authorization.grants.manage`, always a hardcoded route
constant, never client-supplied) in the registry before resolving a principal or evaluating
anything; `POST /api/v1/grants` (`apps/api/src/grants-routes.ts`) separately looks up the *target*
permission being granted — the one named in the request body — in the same registry, after body
shape-validation and before ever calling `store.createGrant`, so a caller cannot create a dormant
grant for an invented permission id that might later become effective the moment someone actually
registers it. A malformed target permission (fails `PermissionId` shape validation) still resolves
to the body-level `400 {"code":"INVALID_REQUEST"}` documented below, unchanged; a well-formed but
unregistered target permission instead receives the identical sanitized
`403 {"code":"AUTHORIZATION_DENIED"}` a genuinely denied caller would, so that response never
reveals whether the caller was denied or the permission was simply never registered.

## Platform-owner bootstrap

There is no "first user becomes owner" inference anywhere in this repository, and no HTTP
endpoint exposes bootstrap. The only way to establish a platform owner is the local CLI command:

```bash
pnpm migrations:apply   # the database must already be migrated
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://... pnpm authorization:bootstrap-owner -- \
  --user-id <existing-ekklesia-user-id> \
  --confirm-user-id <same-id>
```

`DATABASE_URL` is read only when the command actually executes (never merely by importing the CLI
module — proved by `core/tests/cli-bootstrap-platform-owner.test.ts`), and it is never printed,
logged, or included in any error. `--user-id` and `--confirm-user-id` must match exactly, checked
before the id is even parsed as a valid `EkklesiaUserId` — this command never infers a target from
signup order or "the only user in the database"; the operator must name the exact, opaque id
twice.

### Bootstrap is permanently single-use

`core/src/authorization/bootstrap.ts`'s `bootstrapPlatformOwner(db, {userId})` is a dedicated,
Hono-independent Core operation — deliberately *not* a composition of "check for an owner, then
call the existing grant function."

"Already consumed" means **the singleton row exists** in `ekklesia_core_platform_owner_bootstrap`
— a dedicated Core-owned table with `id` pinned by a check constraint to the literal `'singleton'`
and **no foreign key to any user**. Core never deletes from it.

This is deliberately no longer "an owner row exists". That marker cascaded on user deletion, so
deleting the bootstrapped owner's user row removed the owner row *and* its audit evidence, after
which the one operation that establishes a platform's first administrator could be run again. The
operational consequence of the fix is explicit and intended: **deleting the last platform owner
does not reactivate bootstrap**, and neither does revoking one. Re-establishing an owner after that
requires a separately designed owner-management flow, which does not exist yet. There is no reset
command, deletion path, HTTP endpoint, environment override, or force flag.

Upgrading an existing installation is handled by Core migration `0002_authorization_integrity`,
which inserts the singleton if any platform-owner row already exists — active or revoked — so an
existing deployment cannot gain a fresh first use. It records no `consumed_for_user_id`, because a
backfill cannot know which of several historical owner rows the original single use targeted, and
guessing would fabricate history. An installation that never had an owner is left untouched and
keeps its one first use.

One upgrade limitation is irrecoverable: if an operator manually deleted the bootstrapped owner's
user row *before* this migration, the old cascade already erased both the owner row and its audit
evidence, and the migration has nothing left to detect — such an installation backfills as
never-bootstrapped. At the current checkpoint no supported Better Auth or API user-deletion path
exists that could produce this state; it requires direct database access.

The sentinel claim, the target user's existence check, the owner-grant insert, and its audit entry
are all one PostgreSQL transaction. Consumption is therefore tied to *success*: a missing target
user, a constraint violation, or any other failure rolls the sentinel back with everything else,
leaving the one legitimate first use available. The very first statement inside that transaction is a
transaction-scoped advisory lock:

```sql
select pg_advisory_xact_lock(1500000001, 1500000002)
```

This lock key pair is distinct from the migration runner's own advisory lock
(`core/src/migrations/postgres-database.ts`), so bootstrap serialization can never collide with or
be blocked by unrelated migration locking. `pg_advisory_xact_lock` releases automatically on
commit or rollback, so no manual unlock path is needed even when the transaction fails partway.
Two concurrent bootstrap attempts serialize on this lock: the second caller blocks until the
first's transaction commits or rolls back, then re-evaluates the "does any owner row exist" check
against now-current state — so exactly one of two concurrent attempts ever succeeds, proved live
against real PostgreSQL in `core/tests/authorization-bootstrap.integration.ts`
(`Promise.allSettled` on two simultaneous calls; asserts exactly one `fulfilled`, exactly one
`rejected` with `PLATFORM_OWNER_BOOTSTRAP_ALREADY_CONSUMED`, exactly one owner row, exactly one
audit row).

A failed target-user lookup, an audit-insert failure, or losing the concurrency race all roll back
the entire transaction — there is no partial state where an owner row exists without its audit
entry, or vice versa.

The audit entry for a bootstrap grant always uses a fixed, sanitized, non-user actor identity —
never derived from any caller input — so an auditor can tell a given `platform_owner.grant` row
came specifically from this command rather than from a future owner-management flow:

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| `actor_type` | `system` |
| `actor_id` | `authorization-bootstrap-cli` |

### Error codes

`PlatformOwnerBootstrapError` never carries the underlying database error, SQL text, host, port,
path, or stack — only a stable `code` and a fixed message:

| Code | Meaning |
| --- | --- |
| `PLATFORM_OWNER_BOOTSTRAP_ALREADY_CONSUMED` | The durable bootstrap-consumed singleton exists; bootstrap has already been used and cannot be used again. |
| `PLATFORM_OWNER_BOOTSTRAP_USER_NOT_FOUND` | `--user-id` does not match an existing identity user. |
| `PLATFORM_OWNER_BOOTSTRAP_FAILED` | Any other failure (database/infrastructure). |

## HTTP authorization enforcement

`apps/api/src/authorization-middleware.ts` exports `requirePermission(options, permissionId)`, a
Hono middleware factory reused by every protected route:

1. Looks up `permissionId` in the trusted, server-side `PermissionRegistry` (never a
   client-supplied baseline) — an unregistered permission id fails closed with `403` before the
   principal is even resolved. In today's wiring only hard-coded registered constants are ever
   passed by route code, but the check stays live per-request as defense in depth rather than
   being trusted once at composition time.
2. Resolves the principal exclusively through the same server-side identity runtime
   `/api/v1/principal` already uses (`EkklesiaIdentityRuntime.resolvePrincipal`) — nothing here
   ever trusts a client-supplied claim about identity.
3. Calls the injected `AuthorizationEvaluator` with the registry's baseline and permission for
   that principal (platform owners pass through the evaluator's owner bypass here — this is how
   delegation to `core.authorization.grants.manage` recipients also works, without a second code
   path).
4. On success, stores the resolved `EkklesiaPrincipal` (Core's narrow `{kind, userId}` — never a
   Better Auth session/user object) on the Hono context via `c.set`, readable by the route through
   `getAuthorizedPrincipal(c)`. This is a deliberately narrow exception to the "no generalized
   session/user object in Hono context" concern [ADR
   0011](../architecture/decisions/0011-identity-http-transport-and-public-enrollment.md) raised —
   only this already-public-safe principal shape is ever set.

A denied decision and an unregistered permission id both return a sanitized `403
{"code":"AUTHORIZATION_DENIED"}`. A genuine infrastructure failure — principal resolution,
evaluation, or the database underneath either — is never folded into that `403`; it returns a
sanitized `503` instead (`PRINCIPAL_RESOLUTION_FAILED` or `AUTHORIZATION_EVALUATION_FAILED`),
mirroring `/api/v1/principal`'s existing rule that "could not be determined" must never look like
"no permission." Neither response ever reveals whether a grant or owner row exists for the caller.

### Origin enforcement for mutations

`requireTrustedOrigin(trustedOrigins)` requires an exact match against the same
`EKKLESIA_IDENTITY_TRUSTED_ORIGINS` set the API already uses for CORS and Better Auth's own
checks (see [API](api.md#origin-cors-and-cookies)) — a missing or untrusted `Origin` header is
rejected with `403 {"code":"UNTRUSTED_ORIGIN"}` before the permission check or the route handler
ever runs. This exists because CORS response headers alone are not CSRF protection: they only
stop a browser from *reading* a cross-origin response, not from *sending* the state-changing
request in the first place. Every grants mutation route (`POST /api/v1/grants`,
`POST /api/v1/grants/:grantId/revoke`) requires this; the read-only list route does not.
Non-browser, non-cookie automation (service accounts/API tokens) is out of scope for this slice
and has no way to satisfy this check yet.

## Explicit-grant HTTP API

Mounted at the API's root by `apps/api/src/grants-routes.ts`. Every route requires
`core.authorization.grants.manage`. All three routes only ever act on *explicit* grants — the
generic HTTP API structurally cannot create or revoke a relationship-derived grant.

| Route | Origin required | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `GET /api/v1/grants?userId=<id>&limit=<1..100>&cursor=<opaque>` | No | One bounded page of the subject's explicit grants only (`sourceKind: "explicit"` filter applied server-side on every page). |
| `POST /api/v1/grants` | Yes | Creates a new **unscoped** explicit grant. |
| `POST /api/v1/grants/:grantId/revoke` | Yes | Revokes an explicit grant, and every unrevoked equivalent of it, without deleting anything. |

`:grantId` must be the canonical lowercase hyphenated UUID PostgreSQL emits (`8-4-4-4-12` lowercase
hexadecimal). Uppercase, whitespace-padded, shortened, overlong, and non-UUID values are rejected
with `400 {"code":"INVALID_REQUEST"}` after authorization but strictly before any store or database
call — previously such a value reached PostgreSQL's own UUID comparison and returned an
indistinguishable `503`. A *canonical* id that does not exist still returns the sanitized `404`.

### `POST /api/v1/grants` request body

Only three keys are accepted; any other key present (`scope`, `actor`, `owner`, `isOwner`,
`sourceKind`, `sourceRef`, `id`, `createdAt`, `revokedAt`, `createdByActorId`,
`effectivePermissions`, or anything else) makes the **entire body** invalid rather than being
silently dropped, so a caller cannot smuggle a server-derived field through a request that
otherwise looks well-formed:

| Field | Required | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `subjectUserId` | Yes | Must parse as a valid `EkklesiaUserId`. |
| `permission` | Yes | Must parse as a valid `PermissionId` **and** be registered in the running API's composed platform registry (Core's own declarations plus every installed module's — see [API startup](#api-startup-discovery-composition-and-enforcement)). A malformed value is a `400`; a well-formed but unregistered one is a `403`. |
| `expiresAt` | No | Exactly `YYYY-MM-DDTHH:mm:ss.sssZ`, byte-for-byte equal to the parsed date's own `toISOString()`, and strictly in the future. |

The server always derives, and the request body can never supply: the grant id, `sourceKind`
(always `"explicit"`), the actor (always the authenticated caller, via
`createUserActor(principal.userId)`), and all audit/timestamp fields.

**The generic HTTP surface creates unscoped explicit grants only.** A `scope` field is rejected in
every form — including `null`, empty, malformed, and otherwise valid scope strings — with
`400 {"code":"INVALID_REQUEST"}` before any store mutation. No HTTP route middleware supplies a
scope to the evaluator today, so a scope accepted here would produce a grant that persists, appears
in listings, and can authorize nothing. Core's `AuthorizationScope`, the evaluator's exact-scope
semantics, and the store's scope column are unchanged and remain available to trusted internal
callers; listing still shows a scope on historical or internally created grants. **Scopes cannot
authorize a module HTTP route today**, and no route-parameter-to-scope resolver was added.

`expiresAt` deliberately accepts one representation and nothing else. Rejected: offsets
(`2027-01-01T00:00:00.000+02:00`), missing milliseconds (`2027-01-01T00:00:00Z`), excess fractional
precision, lowercase separators, whitespace padding, date-only (`2027-01-01`), locale forms
(`March 5, 2027`), extra trailing text, normalized impossible dates (`2026-02-31T00:00:00.000Z`,
which bare `new Date()` silently rewrote to March 3rd), and any instant at or before the acceptance
clock. Core's store independently rejects an invalid or non-future `Date` before any SQL, so a
trusted internal caller cannot create a dead-on-arrival grant either. A rejected expiration creates
no grant and no audit row. There is no maximum lifetime, renewal workflow, scheduler, or background
expiration job.

### Duplicate creation and all-equivalent revocation

Two grant issuances are the **same authorization source** when all five of these are equal, with
`NULL` equal only to `NULL`: `user_id`, `permission_id`, `scope`, `source_kind`, `source_ref`.
`expires_at`, creation metadata, actor metadata, and the grant id do not distinguish them.

Creating a grant while an equivalent one is *currently effective* (`revoked_at IS NULL` and
`expires_at IS NULL OR expires_at > now()`) fails with
`409 {"code":"AUTHORIZATION_GRANT_ALREADY_EXISTS"}` and `Cache-Control: no-store`. The response
names no existing grant id, actor, scope, source reference, expiry, database detail, SQL, or stack —
only the code. A rejected duplicate creates no grant and no audit row. A revoked or already-expired
equivalent does not block a fresh issuance. This is a conflict rather than an idempotent return of
the existing grant: the caller asked to record a new authorization with their own actor and expiry,
and answering "done" while recording neither would hide that nothing happened.

Enforcement is database-backed, not process-local: every create and revoke touching one equivalence
tuple takes a transaction-scoped `pg_advisory_xact_lock` keyed by a hash of that tuple, so multiple
API processes serialize identically. Its single-key lock space is disjoint from the two-key space
used by the migration runner and platform-owner bootstrap.

**One revocation revokes every unrevoked equivalent**, including expired-but-unrevoked legacy rows,
in one transaction, writing one `grant.revoke` audit row per grant actually revoked, each carrying
that row's own grant id. Grants with a different subject, permission, scope, source kind, or source
reference are untouched. This replaces behavior where revoking one of two equivalent grants returned
`success` while the other kept authorizing the same user. The public success response remains
`200 {"success": true}`.

Historical duplicates are **not** silently revoked by any migration. The store now prevents creating
another effective equivalent, and an operator's explicit revocation resolves the whole equivalence
class.

### Response shapes

A grant, wherever returned:

```json
{
  "id": "...",
  "userId": "...",
  "permission": "core.authorization.grants.manage",
  "scope": null,
  "sourceKind": "explicit",
  "createdAt": "2026-07-23T00:00:00.000Z",
  "expiresAt": null,
  "revokedAt": null
}
```

`POST /api/v1/grants` → `201 {"grant": {...}}`.
`POST /api/v1/grants/:grantId/revoke` → `200 {"success": true}`.

`GET /api/v1/grants` → `200 {"grants": [...], "nextCursor": <string|null>}`.

### Listing is bounded keyset pagination

```text
GET /api/v1/grants?userId=<id>&limit=<1..100>&cursor=<opaque>
```

| Parameter | Required | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `userId` | Yes | The subject whose explicit grants to list. |
| `limit` | No | Canonical base-10 integer, 1 through 100. Defaults to 50. |
| `cursor` | No | An opaque position string returned as a previous page's `nextCursor`. |

Unknown query keys, duplicated `userId`/`limit`/`cursor` keys, empty values, non-canonical numbers
(`0`, `101`, `-1`, `+5`, `01`, `1.5`, `1e2`, whitespace-padded), and malformed cursors are all
rejected with `400 {"code":"INVALID_REQUEST"}` before any store or database work. Permission
enforcement completes first, so query validation never discloses a validation distinction — or the
existence of any subject or grant — to an unauthorized caller.

Rows are ordered `created_at DESC, id DESC`, with a strict keyset boundary on **both** values, so
grants sharing a `created_at` can neither be skipped nor repeated across pages. At most `limit + 1`
rows are read internally and at most `limit` returned. The final page returns `"nextCursor": null`.
Relationship grants never appear on any page. There is no total count, offset pagination, search, or
sorting option.

The cursor is a small versioned payload containing only the subject user id, boundary creation
timestamp, and boundary grant id, encoded as canonical unpadded base64url. Decoding is strict —
exact version, exact keys, a subject matching the *requested* one, a canonical `toISOString()`
timestamp, a canonical `GrantId`, and a re-encoding that reproduces the supplied string
byte-for-byte — and a rejected cursor reveals nothing it decoded.

**It is a pagination position, not an authorization token.** It is deliberately unsigned: the
permission check and the server-side subject filter remain authoritative on every page, so a forged
cursor can at most name a different position within grants the caller may already list. It carries
no permission, scope, source reference, actor data, credential, or secret, and it is not a
consistency snapshot — rows created or revoked between pages are seen or not seen according to the
ordering.

### Status-code mapping

| Status | When |
| --- | --- |
| `200` / `201` | Success. |
| `400 {"code":"INVALID_REQUEST"}` | Malformed query/body/param (including a disallowed extra field). |
| `403 {"code":"AUTHORIZATION_DENIED"}` | Caller lacks `core.authorization.grants.manage`; the caller's own required permission id was unregistered; or, for `POST /api/v1/grants`, the well-formed *target* permission named in the body is not registered. |
| `403 {"code":"UNTRUSTED_ORIGIN"}` | Missing or untrusted `Origin` on a mutation route. |
| `404 {"code":"AUTHORIZATION_GRANT_NOT_FOUND"}` | The canonical grant id does not exist as an unrevoked *explicit* grant — this is also what revoking a real relationship-derived grant's id looks like, indistinguishably. |
| `409 {"code":"AUTHORIZATION_GRANT_ALREADY_EXISTS"}` | An equivalent grant is already currently effective for the subject. |
| `503` | Principal resolution, evaluation, or store failure (`PRINCIPAL_RESOLUTION_FAILED`, `AUTHORIZATION_EVALUATION_FAILED`, or an `AuthorizationStoreError` code). |

Every response sets `Cache-Control: no-store`.

## Shared database composition

`apps/api/src/database.ts`'s `createApiDatabase(databaseUrl, options)` is the one place `apps/api`
touches PostgreSQL connection setup. It constructs exactly one validated, timeout-bounded
`pg.Pool` (`createValidatedPostgresPool`, `@ekklesia/core/database`) and wraps it with three
independent typed Drizzle views — `createIdentityDrizzleView(pool)`,
`createAuthorizationDrizzleView(pool)`, and `createModuleDatabaseView(pool)` (the `ModuleDatabase`
facade module code queries through `context.services.database`; see
[API](api.md#module-database-access) and
[Module development](../module-development/README.md#database-access)) — rather than three
separate pools. `close()` on the returned handle is the only thing that ever calls `pool.end()`;
no domain view owns or closes the pool itself. `apps/api/src/server.ts` calls `createApiDatabase`
once during `startApi()`, builds the identity runtime from `.identity`, the
`AuthorizationStore`/`AuthorizationEvaluator` from `.authorization`, and the frozen
`ModuleRuntimeServices` from `.module` off that same handle, and closes the handle exactly once —
on graceful shutdown, and on any startup failure after the pool was already constructed (mirroring
the existing identity-only failure-cleanup path from [API](api.md#graceful-shutdown)).

The existing per-domain factories (`createIdentityDrizzleDatabase`,
`createAuthorizationDrizzleDatabase`), which each construct and own a private pool, are
unaffected and remain available for standalone/testable use — the CLI bootstrap command uses
`createAuthorizationDrizzleDatabase` directly for exactly that reason, since it only ever needs
the authorization schema and has no reason to share a pool with anything else.

Both the shared pool and the per-domain factories accept the same optional `transport` policy —
Ekklesia's single PostgreSQL TLS decision, described in
[API § Database transport (TLS)](api.md#database-transport-tls). Every executable that opens a
connection (the API, both migration commands, the platform-owner bootstrap CLI, and `pnpm doctor`)
resolves it the same way, so production connections are TLS-verified regardless of which factory
built them. Omitting it is a development/test affordance only: no `ssl` option is set and the
connection is plaintext, which a production configuration refuses outright.

`apps/api/tests/lifecycle.test.ts` proves this composition explicitly: exactly one
`new Pool(...)` call for a full `startApi()` lifecycle (covering identity, authorization, and
module database usage), and exactly one `pool.end()` call regardless of how many concurrent
`shutdown()` callers there are or whether the failure happened during startup.

## Tests

- `core/tests/authorization-permissions.test.ts` — registry construction, duplicate-declaration
  rejection, fail-closed lookup, `CORE_PERMISSION_REGISTRY`/`CORE_PERMISSION_DECLARATIONS` contents
  and immutability.
- `packages/contracts/tests/authorization.test.ts` — `PermissionDeclaration` shape validation:
  every baseline, unknown-property/missing-baseline/invalid-baseline/blank-or-oversized-description
  rejection, malformed permission id rejection.
- `packages/contracts/tests/module-manifest.test.ts` — `manifestVersion: 4` acceptance and version
  2/string-array rejection, per-declaration validation (mirroring the contracts-level cases above),
  module-namespace enforcement, duplicate permission id at its exact `permissions[index].id` issue
  path, and default-empty-list isolation across separate parses.
- `core/tests/module-permissions.test.ts` — `composePlatformPermissionRegistry`: Core-only and
  Core-plus-modules composition, deterministic ordering, exact baseline/description preservation,
  duplicate rejection, reserved `core.*` namespace rejection, unknown-permission denial once a
  module is absent from the supplied list, and input/output immutability with no I/O.
- `core/tests/database-pool.test.ts` — shared pool validation/construction (mirrors the existing
  per-domain database tests).
- `core/tests/authorization-bootstrap.test.ts` — import safety, `PlatformOwnerBootstrapError`
  behavior.
- `core/tests/cli-bootstrap-platform-owner.test.ts` — the CLI never constructs a pool merely by
  being imported.
- `core/tests/authorization-bootstrap.integration.ts` (live PostgreSQL) — successful bootstrap and
  its audit row, nonexistent-user rollback, second-bootstrap rejection, a revoked historical owner
  still blocking reuse, and the concurrency scenario described above. Pass-3 scenarios add: exactly
  one consumed row plus one owner row plus one audit row in one transaction; deleting the owner's
  user row keeping the sentinel and the audit history while removing the live owner row and not
  reactivating bootstrap; a grant subject's create/revoke audit rows surviving that subject's
  deletion while their live grant cascades; a forced failure after the sentinel was claimed rolling
  everything back so the one first use is not burned; and migration `0002` backfilling consumed
  state for an active *and* a revoked existing owner while leaving a never-owned installation with
  exactly one first use.
- `core/tests/authorization-store.integration.ts` (live PostgreSQL) — pass-3 grant-integrity
  scenarios: sequential and six-way concurrent equivalent creation yielding exactly one grant and
  one create audit row; a differing expiry not bypassing the conflict; different subject/permission/
  scope/source-kind/source-ref being non-equivalent; fresh issuance after a revoked or expired
  equivalent; one revocation clearing every unrevoked equivalent (including an expired-but-unrevoked
  one) with per-row audit entries while leaving differently scoped or sourced grants untouched; a
  concurrent create/revoke race serializing without an unexplained duplicate; a forced transaction
  failure rolling back every grant and audit change; and bounded keyset pagination traversing seven
  rows that all share one `created_at` with no duplicates or omissions.
- `apps/api/tests/authorization-middleware.test.ts` — allow/deny/unregistered/infrastructure-
  failure paths for `requirePermission`, and `requireTrustedOrigin`'s allow/reject behavior;
  a dedicated block proves `requirePermission` enforces module-owned `public`/`authenticated`/
  `restricted` declarations identically to Core's own, that the evaluator receives the registry's
  exact id/baseline, and that an absent module permission denies before principal resolution or
  evaluator access — the shared mechanism, not a module-specific code path.
- `core/tests/doctor.test.ts` / `core/tests/doctor-report.test.ts` — the `modules.permissions`
  check: passing count (including zero installed modules), reuse of the already-discovered module
  list (no rediscovery), distinct reserved-namespace vs. generic-duplicate failure detail, an
  unexpected-exception fallback to a fixed generic detail, schema/migration checks continuing
  independently after a composition failure, and the exact documented terminal report shape.
- `apps/api/tests/grants-routes.test.ts` — all three routes' allow/deny paths, disallowed-field
  and malformed-field rejection (including every form of a `scope` field), canonical-`GrantId` and
  canonical-future-`expiresAt` rejection with the store never called, the sanitized `409` conflict,
  the full pagination contract (default/boundary limits, non-canonical limit rejection, unknown and
  duplicated query keys, multi-page traversal, and every malformed or foreign cursor),
  a well-formed but unregistered target permission rejected with
  `403` and `store.createGrant` never called, exact server-derived-argument assertions,
  sourceKind-filtered revoke returning 404 for a non-explicit grant, origin enforcement, and
  store-error mapping.
- `apps/api/tests/module-http-routes.test.ts` — the production route-mounting contract: exact
  prefix/path joining (including the non-trailing-slash root case), every supported method,
  independent same-path routes across two modules, deterministic static-versus-parameterized
  resolution by published order, request/handler adaptation (raw `Request`, frozen context, decoded
  and frozen path parameters, empty frozen params for static/root routes), the registry's exact
  baseline for `public`/`authenticated`/`restricted` module permissions, denial/infrastructure-
  failure paths never invoking the handler, `ModuleRouteConfigurationError` for an inconsistent
  route/registry snapshot, trusted-origin enforcement for state-changing methods, CORS (advertised
  methods, no reflection for an untrusted origin, no authorization or handler invocation on
  preflight), fixed sanitized `500` for a throwing/rejecting/non-`Response`-returning handler with
  no raw leakage, a valid module-owned 4xx/5xx response passing through unchanged, forced
  `Cache-Control`/`Vary` with a handler's own `Vary` preserved, stripped module-supplied CORS
  headers, `HEAD` traversing the same permission middleware as `GET` with no body, and unmatched
  paths/zero-route/no-handler-during-construction behavior.
- `apps/api/tests/lifecycle.test.ts` — shared-pool-closes-exactly-once coverage described above,
  plus module-permission composition at startup: discovery/composition run before any pool,
  Better Auth instance, or HTTP server is constructed; a discovery failure, a reserved-namespace
  failure, and a generic duplicate-declaration failure each create zero pools/Better Auth
  instances/servers and remain distinguishable from one another; zero installed modules still
  succeeds; and import safety for `platform-permissions.ts`. A dedicated block covers module
  *runtime* startup and shutdown against real, working (non-throwing) fixture modules: permission
  composition and module runtime startup share the exact same discovered inventory, route mounting
  order matches discovery order, a load/register/start failure each close the pool exactly once and
  bind no server (preserving Core's own rollback for a start failure), an app-construction failure
  and a bind failure both stop the module runtime before closing the pool, normal shutdown stops the
  server/module-runtime/pool in that exact order, a module stop failure still runs pool cleanup
  before the shutdown rejection surfaces, and a direct `discoveredModulesOverride` drives both
  composition and runtime startup identically.
- `core/tests/authorization-evaluator.test.ts` — includes a malformed permission id denying under
  every baseline (`public`, `authenticated`, `restricted`), never just `restricted`, and never
  consulting the grant or platform-owner ports for `public`/`authenticated`.
- `apps/api/tests/api-http.integration.ts` (live PostgreSQL) — end-to-end: anonymous/non-owner
  denial, real bootstrap against the running API's own database, owner authority over the HTTP
  grants API, the owner delegating `core.authorization.grants.manage` to another account and that
  account then managing grants as a non-owner, a well-formed but unregistered target permission
  rejected with `403` (with no grant or audit row written) even for a caller with full
  grant-management authority, a create/list/revoke cycle with audit-trail verification (using
  `core.authorization.grants.manage` itself as the granted permission), disallowed-field
  rejection, missing/untrusted-origin rejection, a real relationship-derived grant proven
  invisible to LIST and unreachable by REVOKE, and an infrastructure-failure scenario (database
  dropped out from under a live session) asserting a `503` rather than a false `403` or `200`.
- `apps/api/tests/api-http.integration.ts`, "installed module permission end-to-end" (live
  PostgreSQL) — a real temporary module fixture (structurally valid manifest; a real, working
  server entrypoint recording register/start/stop markers instead of throwing, and declaring a
  restricted `GET /events/:eventId` route plus a restricted, state-changing `POST /events` route
  against its own manifest permission) proves the complete chain against a real API process and
  real Doctor run: Doctor recognizes the installed module and passes permission composition
  without executing its entrypoint (an empty marker set); a successful `startApi()` discovers the
  same fixture, imports/registers/starts its runtime exactly once, and makes its declared
  permission enforceable; a bootstrapped platform owner creates a real explicit grant for the
  module's permission with an atomic audit row recorded under its exact declared id; the module's
  own mounted route denies an anonymous caller and then serves the newly granted owner with the
  decoded path parameter and authenticated principal; the module's state-changing route requires a
  trusted `Origin` exactly like the platform's own mutation routes; a well-formed permission absent
  from the composed registry is rejected with no grant or audit write; and, after a clean shutdown
  (module stop invoked exactly once) and restart with the module absent, its former route returns
  the ordinary `404`, the same permission can no longer be newly granted, and the earlier,
  still-unrevoked grant remains listed — with ordinary identity HTTP behavior (sign-up, sign-in,
  principal resolution) unaffected throughout.

Run the focused suites:

```bash
pnpm --filter @ekklesia/core test
pnpm --filter @ekklesia/api test
pnpm test:migrations:integration   # requires Docker
```

## Next phase

Module HTTP route registration and production mounting (see
[ADR 0014](../architecture/decisions/0014-module-permission-declarations-and-platform-registry.md#deferred)
for the deferral this closes) is now implemented — see [API](api.md#module-http-routes) and
[Module development](module-development/README.md#http-routes). Deliberately deferred, unrelated
slices remain: a module runtime-context authorization service, relationship-derived grant creation
itself (a roster or similar module operation, not the generic grants API), reinstall/reactivation
policy for a permission whose owning module was previously removed, roles/groups/teams/tenants, an
owner-management HTTP endpoint, and service accounts/API tokens for non-browser automation.